Terpenes are a class of naturally occurring chemical compounds found in plants and some animals, contributing to the unique aromas, flavors, and colors associated with various types of vegetation [1]. These highly aromatic compounds are responsible for the characteristic smell of many plants and herbs, such as rosemary and lavender, as well as some animals [2].
In the context of cannabis, terpenes are located within the trichomes, which are sticky, translucent glands that cover the surface of the buds [4]. They play a crucial role in determining the aroma, flavor, and potential effects of various cannabis strains [5, 6]. Terpenes are hydrocarbons, compounds composed of hydrogen and carbon, which are produced by plants for various reasons, including discouraging insect feeding, attracting pollinators, and defending against bacteria and fungi [7].
Emerging research suggests that terpenes may influence the effects of cannabis on the brain through a phenomenon known as the entourage effect, wherein terpenes interact with cannabinoids and other compounds in the plant to modulate their effects [3]. Some common terpenes found in cannabis strains include pinene, which has been reported to reduce anxiety, and linalool, which may regulate mood and pain [3]. Additionally, borneol, a terpene present in strains such as K13-Haze, Golden Haze, and Amnesia Haze, exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties [8]. Another terpene, phytol, has been associated with relaxation and is often utilized for its sedative and anti-anxiety properties [8].
In summary, terpenes are a class of chemical compounds that significantly influence the taste, smell, and potential effects of cannabis strains. While research is still ongoing, current evidence suggests that terpenes play a crucial role in modulating the overall experience of cannabis consumption through their interaction with other compounds in the plant.
